[1472] praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit).  This governor was also the legionary legate (see below). After the great wars at the Danube had come to a temporary end, it is unlikely that the legion took part in any large-scale warfare during Commodus’ reign. In the civil wars after Commodus’ demise, however, the legion seems to have played a not unimportant role. In the 3rd century, the legion carried the honorific title p. f. They appear in the following inscriptions (in chronological order): in 200 AD (CIL XI 1322), 209 AD (CIL III 14361), 211 AD (CIL III 5187), 215 (CIL III 5185 p. f. Antoniniana), in 217 (CIL III 5189) under Caracalla or Elagabalus (CIL III 4862: p. f. Antoniniana), under Severus Alexander (p. f. Severiana CIL 5449. 5575. 5690. 3270), in 238 AD (CIL III 4820), without a date (CIL III 4837. 4856. 4857. 5300. 5671. 11553, and on tile stamps from Lauriacum (Der Römische Limes in Österreich VIII 1907 p. 453 pl. 73, 1. 2). The legion had the surname pia since her creation (CIL III 1980 in 170 AD), and still in September of 191 AD she is still called only II Italica p(ia) (CIL III 15208). Since she is called only “II Italica” in 192 AD (CIL III 5178), the legion must have earned her honorific title “pia fidelis” after this year and before 200 AD. The only opportunity to do so could have been the civil wars from 193-197 AD. In contrast to an older view (cp. De leg. X gemina 61), the denarius that was minted with her name (Cohen IV2 31 no. 261) shows II Italica among the legions at Danube and Rhine which recognized Severus as emperor immediately after his proclamation at Carnuntum in April 193 AD. However, this could not have been the reason for the two honorific titles, since they where not given to the other legions, although they also supported Severus. II Italica must have had an opportunity to show herself as pia fidelis by declaring herself for Severus and keeping up this support despite opposition within the province against this emperor. The legion may even have resisted the provincial governor. Indeed, the inscription of Ti. Claudius Candidus (CIL II 4114) explicitly states combat against rebelles hostes publici, i.e. Severus’ enemies in Noricum: duci terra marique adversus rebelles h(ostes) p(ublicos) (in Spain) item Asiae, item Noricae. These campaigns could have taken place only in 193 or 196/97 AD. The order of Candidus’ positions in the inscription seems at first to hint at the final year, or even a little later (also Hasebrook 102), but at a closer look [Translator’s note: original text’s meaning is obscure], he could not have fulfilled these tasks at the same time: chasing the hostes publici in Spain, Asia and Noricum on the one side, and on the other side leading the troops of Illyricum into war against Niger in Asia minor, then against the Parthians, and finally against Clodius Albinus. This would have led to a chronological collision. Determined resistance in Noricum in 196 AD is hardly likely,